A federal court judge declares that the Child Online Protection Act violates the First and Fifth Amendments and is not as effective as content-based filtering.A federal court judge on March 22
struck down the Child Online Protection Act (PDF), saying it violates the First and Fifth Amendments and is "impermissibly broad and over-vague."
U.S. District Judge Lowell Reed of Philadelphia wrote in his finding that he sympathizes with Congress and its desire to protect children from sexually explicit materials on the Web, but that the "flawed statute" neither protected rights guaranteed by the First and Fifth Amendments, nor was as effective as filters now available.
"This court, along with a broad spectrum of the population across the country, yearn for a solution which would protect children from such material with 100 percent effectiveness," Reed wrote. "However … I may not turn a blind eye to the law in order to attempt to satisfy my urge to protect this nations youth by upholding a flawed statute, especially when a more effective and less restrictive alternative is readily available (although I do recognize that filters are neither a panacea nor necessarily found to be the ultimate solution to the problem at hand)."
COPA, created by Congress in 1998, was blocked from being enforced almost from its inception. However, the statute bounced around as the courts mulled it over the years. During that time, the U.S. Department of Justice subpoenaed search engines to get the Web addresses and records of searches as part of a study undertaken to determine how much objectionable material there is online.
MSN, Yahoo and AOL turned over the requested materials, but Google held fast and refused the governments requests.
The March 22 ruling is a victory for the American Civil Liberties Union, which had brought the suit against the government along with plaintiffs that included online sex health sites, San Francisco poet laureate Lawrence Ferlinghetti and the Electronic Frontier Foundation.
Paul Myer, president and chief operating officer of 8e6 Technologies, a maker of online content filter appliances and an authority in online child protection and filtering for school-aged children, noted that historically its been "very difficult" to legislate morality as it relates to the Internet.
"More specifically, [regarding] some terms they use in the original act, it was an effort to legislate what content providers could make available and to whom," he said in an interview with eWEEK. "Thats whats proving to be its undoing. You end up with enemies on the content provider side and the ACLU targeting you as well."
If legislation such as COPA doesnt get struck down, Myer said, its still difficult to enforce. "Weve seen legislation trying to legislate spam out of existence, but as it comes through, the amount of spam on the Internet goes up dramatically. Providers shift places where they send spam from, and they find ways around [the legislation]. They find that as spam is less effective, they have to send more to get the same hit rates. As the CAN-SPAM act was passed over last year, the amount of spam has increased dramatically. So a lot of times legislation doesnt result in the original objectives they had when they wrote it."
More to the point, as Reed pointed out in his ruling, filtering technology has improved dramatically since COPA was first drafted, making the statute redundant.
Is it possible to make the Internet safe for children without trampling civil liberties? Click here to read more.
Myer agreed. "Since weve been at this for 12 years now … the filtering tech really has come a long way," he said. "It does provide a lot of the protection parents are looking for."
In the early days of filtering, the technology was primarily text-based. Practitioners would use keywords to determine the content of sites being accessed. In contrast, the generally accepted approach today has come to be based on content. Categorization is done visually, textually, and with heuristics, text analysis and image analysis.
8e6 Technologies appliance also uses proxy pattern detection, a technology it adopted after discovering that children would try to circumvent the filter by using anonymous proxies.
"Kids are very savvy," Myer said. "They exchange information about ways to get around whatever filters you have in place. So its a bit of a cat and mouse game for us, where we try to stay two steps ahead of high school kids."
Myer pointed to CIPA, the Childrens Internet Protection Act, which was enacted by Congress in 2000, as being a far more effective statute than COPA as far as protecting children goes.
That act stipulates that K-12 educational institutions must provide filtering of harmful content in order to be eligible to receive certain federal funds that go toward getting schools connected to the Internet.
"Whats nice about CIPA is, one, its very general in nature and so its weathered the court challenges over the years and has been upheld," Myer said. "And, two, it provided a safe learning environment for schools as they come online. It achieved the goals of the original legislation."
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