When the U.S. Department of Commerce proposed a rule to regulate the international trade and sharing of “intrusion software,” worried security firms immediately went on the defense.
Industry giants, such as Symantec and FireEye, teamed up with well-known technology firms, such as Cisco and Google, to criticize the regulations. The proposed rules, published in May, would cause “significant unintended consequences” that would “negatively impact—rather than improve—the state of cyber-security,” Cisco stated in a letter to the Commerce Dept.’s Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS).
The Commerce Department pulled the proposal in late July to go back to the drawing board, but companies are already concerned about a second draft of the rules.
Security firms rely on international teams of researchers to find and fix vulnerabilities, analyze security threats and build software with offensive capabilities to test defenses—all activities that could be threatened by any future policy that regulates the cross-border sharing of exploit code and vulnerability details, Jen Ellis, senior director of community and public affairs for software security firm Rapid7, told eWEEK.
“The reality is that this rule could very seriously impact the ability of security researchers to collaborate and their ability to participate with vendors around the world,” she said.
“Given that we now live in a digital economy, that does not have borders, we need to be able to share information worldwide. But if we weaken the security of the products we rely on, we all lose as a result.”
While the current battle is focused on U.S. firms, the threat is an international one. As breaches continue to escalate, world governments are searching for policy weapons to help defend against cyber-criminals and to limit oppressive nations’ access to surveillance and monitoring tools.
The 42 nations that have signed the Wassenaar Arrangement, a treaty agreement that aims to prevent the buildup of munitions and dual-use technologies that could destabilize regions, have pledged to implement regulations that control intrusion software and exploits.
The United States is only the latest nation to work to implement a policy on intrusion software. Japan already has. In early September, Hewlett-Packard revealed that its Zero-Day Initiative (ZDI) would no longer sponsor the Pwn2Own competition at the annual PacWest conference in Tokyo because of concerns that Japan’s implementation of the Wassenaar agreement could make put the company and researchers at risk.
“Due to the complexity of obtaining real-time import/export licenses in countries that participate in the Wassenaar Arrangement, the ZDI has notified conference organizer, Dragos Ruiu, that it will not be holding the Pwn2Own contest at PacSecWest in November,” the firm said in a statement provided to eWEEK.
The Wassenaar definition of intrusion software focuses on programs that are designed to circumvent detection tools or protective countermeasures and which extract or modify data or run external code.
While the definition is narrower than the U.S. rule, it still makes many tools and techniques used to defend networks—including penetration testing—subject to the costs and delays of license approval, Mark Kuhr, CTO and co-founder of Synack, told eWEEK.
Tech Allies Lobby to Keep U.S. Rule From Fettering Security Research
Tools for finding software vulnerabilities and the exploits used to prove such vulnerabilities exist would become regulated as munitions.
“It is all about the definition,” he said. “There needs to be a differentiator between tools that are defensive and tools that are used for offensive purposes. Even then, there are tools that are offensive in nature, but are used for good.”
Moreover, another part of the rule would regulate the communication of information about vulnerabilities and exploits under the argument that knowledge is being exported.
Such “deemed export” rules would require a company to have a license to allow their international research teams to collaborate, even with other company employees. For Synack, which works with researchers in 35 countries, such an export rule would make its business untenable, Kuhr said.
Security firms and technology firms have banded together, creating the Coalition for Responsible Cyber-security, to represent cyber-security professionals in a number of U.S. companies, including Ionic Security, FireEye, Synack, and WhiteHat.
Symantec, also a member, is concerned that any broad rules could add delays to its ability to respond to attacks and aid clients, Cheri F. McGuire, vice president of global government affairs and cyber-security policy with Symantec, stated in an online post.
“While the rule is directed at companies that create or sell ‘intrusion software’ used to breach systems, its broad language will affect a wide array of legitimate cyber-security research and network penetration testing,” she said.
“As a global security company, with researchers based around the world, this regulation could require our American researchers to obtain a government license in order to have more than a cursory conversation about new security vulnerabilities with their co-workers overseas.”
Other companies may find themselves in legal jeopardy, if the regulations are not constructed to be very narrow, said Alan Cohn, an advisor of counsel for the law firm of Steptoe & Johnson LLP.
“To define all software that aims to avoid detection by monitoring tools, as intrusion software, captures not only the types of tools that are intended for undesirable surveillance mechanism, but also tools intended for cyber-security and detection, to the point, that it becomes difficult to discern the nature of the software,” he said.
While a narrower rule could allay concerns in the U.S., CRC members do not plan to stop there. Wassenaar signatories meet in December for the next round of rule making and security companies aim to revise the original rule.
“It is not that the policy goal is not laudable—keeping the surveillance tools out of the hands of human-rights abusers—but it is more that,” Cohn said.
“Because it was done without any input from industry or academia, it has created the problems that it has. Going back and taking a fresh look at this, now that there is a track record of experience, will hopefully give better results.”