In May, a new modular malware system—dubbed VPNFilter—began running rampant among small and home office-based routers as well as network-attached storage. More than 500,000 devices in 54 countries were infected by the software, according to networking giant Cisco, and what’s more—the malware scanned for traffic used in many industrial control systems, known as Modbus.
The attack appears to be just the latest campaign to target industrial, manufacturing and control systems—a worrisome trend that could turn purely digital threats into physical damage, especially if it uses the destructive capabilities coded into VPNFilter, researchers with Cisco’s Talos Intelligence team stated in
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“The behavior of this malware on networking equipment is particularly concerning, as components of the VPNFilter malware allows for theft of website credentials and monitoring of Modbus SCADA protocols,” the researchers said. “Lastly, the malware has a destructive capability that can render an infected device unusable, which can be triggered on individual victim machines or en masse, and has the potential of cutting off internet access for hundreds of thousands of victims worldwide.”
Overall, security firms are reporting an increase in attacks on industrial control networks. Gathering data from systems protected by its software, Kaspersky Lab found that 41.2 percent of systems were attacked at least once during the six months of 2018, up from 36.6 percent in the first half of 2017.
The attacks targeted Windows systems that performed supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) duties, acted as data storage servers or data gateways in operational networks, or were used as workstations by engineers and operators.
“The year-over-year increase of percentage of ICS computers attacked means more malware and attacks are able to get through network perimeters and to hit the ICS computers,” Kirill Kruglov, security researcher at Kaspersky Lab, told eWEEK. “The primary reason is an overall increase in malicious activity.”
Symantec has seen a six-fold increase in attacks year-over-year among its customers, according to the firm.
Yet, the threat landscape does not consist of a single topography. Looking at the data, a variety of different trends jump out.
1. Attacks on industrial control systems are not all alike
While Kaspersky and Symantec have seen a jump in attacks on industrial control systems, it is likely that those systems are not connected to critical infrastructure, said Dale Peterson, CEO of Digital Bond, an ICS security consultancy.
“You cannot view ICS as a whole,” he said. “You do have small companies or low-value industrial control systems that are sitting on the corporate network, and the reports are showing that those systems are getting attacked more. But those are not power systems, and they are not the large water systems that compose critical infrastructure.”
In the large critical infrastructure providers with whom Peterson works, he rarely sees any successful attacks, although he does acknowledge that even the critical infrastructure firms have security challenges. The most significant attack for such companies is attackers targeting administrators who have remote access from an external workstation. Phishing attacks are often used to compromise those privileged users.
While such attacks are harder to plan and execute, they can deliver spectacular results.
“They are much harder to get into than ever before, but once you are inside, those networks are insecure,” Peterson said. “Because they are insecure by design, if you are on the system, all the features and functions are there for you.”
2. Attacks are not generally sophisticated
In its report for the first half of 2018, Kaspersky Lab noted that an operation that was previously known as Energetic Bear—because of its link to Russian operators and its targeting of energy companies—actually had a wider scope than first thought. (The firm has renamed the threat “Crouching Yeti” to downplay the connection with Russia.) While the attacker focused on targetingthe U.S. and Europe, the operation also compromised a variety of websites as well as various manufacturers and infrastructure companies and government agencies.
Overall, however, the attacks were not overly sophisticated, using spear phishing via PDF documents, software installers with Trojan installers and waterhole attacks through pre-compromised websites. Once a machine had been successfully exploited, the attack framework could install additional modules to expand the attackers’ foothold,
Kaspersky stated in an analysis
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“The industrial companies need to pay more attention to the level of employees’ awareness of cyberthreats, and keep up with modern cybersecurity measures starting from access and traffic control on perimeter of [operation technology] network and continue hardening ICS endpoints by removing and blocking unnecessary software, separating privileges and tightening control of compelled usage of remote administration tools when those tools are required, such as during remote maintenance,” Kaspersky Lab’s Kruglov said.
3. Attackers focus on specific geographies
Attackers also continue to focus on certain regions of the world. Organizations in Asian, African and Latin American nations suffered a greater percentage of attacks compared with the number of systems they have protected, as compared to North American, Western European and Australian firms.
“Presumably, this situation could be due to the amounts of funds invested by organizations in infrastructure protection solutions,” Kaspersky Lab’s researchers
.
Removable media continues to be a significant threat in many of the most attacked nations, with Asian countries, Latin America and the Middle East all showing signs of a much higher rate of infection from removable media compared with Russia, Europe and North America. Meanwhile, attacks through email—while often effective—are not seen as often, perhaps because they target a small group at each firm.
4. Internet-connected systems are at greatest risk
While attacks via removable media and phishing emails are often encountered, the greatest number of attacks use widespread scans of internet-facing systems to establish a beachhead within a vulnerable network, Kaspersky Lab found. More than 27 percent of attacks came from internet sources in the first half of 2018, up from 20.6 percent of attacks in the same six months of 2017.
“Contrary to the conventional wisdom about control networks being isolated, in the past years the internet became the main source of infection for computers on organizations’ industrial networks,” Kaspersky Lab’s report stated.
Yet, Digital Bond’s Peterson stressed that the attacks seen by security firms are likely the ones hitting smaller firms that do not protect their systems as rigorously as critical infrastructure is protected in Western countries.
“What the report is really saying is that there is still a lot of low-hanging fruit,” he said. “I don’t see that there are a lot of high-value critical infrastructure that has Windows servers connected directly to the internet.”
5. Managers think systems are more secure than operators believe
There is another disconnect in the ICS world. High-level managers tend to believe their systems are more secure than do operational engineers and other employees with “boots on the ground,” according to Barbara Filkins, a senior analyst with the SANS Institute.
In its latest report—The 2018 SANS Industrial IoT Security Survey: Shaping IIoT Security Concerns—the SANS Institute found that almost three-quarters of firms were confident or somewhat confident in their ability to maintain the security of their industrial internet of things (IIoT). Yet, companies’ leadership and department managers were more likely to have a rosy outlook on their security compared to the operational technology (OT) department.
“The closest people to the risk were less confident in their ability to defend the operational network,” said Filkins, one of the study’s authors. “Management is actually more confident than they should be, and they should be listening to someone down the food chain.”
Companies need to get better visibility, train employees in security operations and better segment their network to limit the ability of attackers to move laterally once a beachhead is established, according to the SANS survey.